Encoding

   "... Certainly  every man at his best state is but vapor "   -  Psalms 39:5 (NKJV)
   "...vapor that appears  for a little time and then vanishes  away "  -  James 4:14 (MKJV)
   "...they were but  flesh,  A breath  that  passes away  and  does not  come again "  -  Psalms 78:39 (NKJV)
   " Surely  men of low degree are a vapor,  Men  of high  degree   are  lie;  If  they are  weighed  in  the balances, They  are altogether  lighter  than  vapor " -  Psalms 62:9 (NKJV)


   In the nervous  system  we can detect  this  'vapor'  as electrochemical  bubbles (i.e. impulses). These  impulses  appear  for a little time; they will vanish  away  when  reached the appropriate neurons of the brain or tranquilized  nerves.
    Man  in wakeful state  is continuously  conscious, that is,  continuous firings  of stimuli's formed impulses must  be realized (experienced) and  recorded  in the brain.  Cutting  the  'high ways'  of those impulses will vanish  the consciousness  in the organ  involved.
   Our arms are conscious  to touch, cold, hot, pain, pressure, itch, and texture, and  that skin-consciousness defines  'us'  (specifically, tactile-us).  Our arm  is part of our  selves and we can distinguish  it from  things  not  part of our consciousness. If our right  arm  is amputated and that cut arm is left  in an ice box, is that arm a part of our consciousness or not ?  Is that amputated arm  conscious  or not?  Obviously, no consciousness arises  from  that arm  going to our  brain. Neither  we  'feel'   that it exists, nor it is a part of our selves. Imagine  if our  entire  lower body  is cut away from  our  head, the remaining  consciousness is coming  from  small area, from  the head alone.
   Tranquilizing  the entire  lower  body  and cutting  the auditory nerves, olfactory  tissue, tongue, palate nerves, optical nerves, and all skin-muscle-bone sensory nerves in the head will leave  a vague  consciousness. We cannot  hear, see, feel, smell, and  taste  peripherally, leaving a thin consciousness  from thinking.  If  at last  we tranquilized  the remaining  hippocampi, no consciousness can be  experienced  even though our old memories are intact. What it means ?  Our consciousness is dependent  (1)  on the memory  (i.e. transfer  of hippocampal memories  into  long-term  thalamic-cortical memories)  and  (2)  on continuous sensory  impulses  from  neuroreceptors. No consciousness can be elicited  without  proper  functioning  memory system  and neuroreceptors.  When we were babies or infants, we were not aware  that we're conscious. In fact, it seems to us that we don't have infant days  for we cannot  remember  any thing from  those days. Our  consciousness stops to the memory  we don't or can't recall. We are conscious to those things we think & then we remember, so that our consciousness is postponed  or cut  during our deep sleep . Remembering  is a process or part of our consciousness. Comparing, intensity, recording, and electrochemical reaffirmation & confirmation are other  processing of consciousness.


   Did we exist during  our 1st  and  2nd  year  of age ?
As far as  "awareness"  is concerned,  No !  But as far as  reality  is  concerned,  Yes !  In this case, "awareness"  defines   "we" .  Whatever  we do we cannot  remember  that we existed  during  our infancy, except  possibly  by certain  "key"  to open  the traces or fragments of memories from our oldest memory-in-charged neurons (in the thalamus) or perhaps by applying  certain  amount of electrical stimulation  to a proper cortical region or  sometimes  partly  by hypnotic regression.  We were  conscious during  those  years but our  consciousness did not  reach the level  of awareness -or, that is,  we were conscious, but we were not aware that we were conscious. There are many reasons and the most remarkable  is that our memory  system  during  those days was not  vividly or intensely recording  our consciousness (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic, vestibular, etc.)  because  consciousnesses' arisen neuro-electrochemical impulses were encountering  difficulty in travelling in the cortical  neurons  due (1) to lack of synapses (telodendria dendrites tandem)  and (2)  to the delay  caused  by  poorly  developed  myeline sheaths  on the neural fibers.
  Our  rationality  or consciousness is affected  by the number  of dendrites, synapses and/or neurons  and presence of  myeline sheaths  in the cortices and  limbic system  in the  brain and the arrangements of the neurotubules & neurofilaments, because those  are affecting  our  memory  system.
   It is a fact  that in long-term potentiation, dendrites grow and branch out and certain types of synapses increase in number. Thus, long-term memory is a psychological term  for a neuronal phenomenon  'increase of synapses and lengthening of dendrites.'  Every  routinized or learned  activity  and memorization we are engaged  in or done continuously and repeatedly has certain length & number of  dendrites  in various areas of our brain. It is evident  when primates have had a bilateral decortication, taking out both of the cortexes in left and right hemisphere of the brain. Therefore  all long  dendrites  are engram  or part of long-term memory. However, long-term memory  is divided  into unconscious -recall and  conscious-recall memories.
(The photographs of Golgi-stained human cerebral cortical pyramidal cells below show equivalent areas of the anterior portion of the middle frontal gyrus with the equivalent neurons, but with increased number of dendrites, from birth, 1 month, 6 month and 2 year old baby. Note that there is a tremendous increase in the complexity of dendritic aborizations with increasing age. Image source: Conel, JL. The postnatal development of the human cerebral cortex.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1959. )

Another evidence is what we can see on the composite photograph of half brains from a normal person and an Alzheimer's victim (by BrigthFocus  Foundation), by which we can determine that there is atrophied innervation (presence of nerve fibers) in the caudate nucleus ( CN ), temporal lobe, and hippocampus or medial temporal lobe, indicative of less connections and of delay neural transmissions...

 Silver-stained section of cerebral cortex showing many pyrimad-shaped neurons with their processes and a few glial cells. Medium magnification (Junqueira and Carneiro, 2005)

   "...And  with  length  of  days,  understanding  "   - Job 12:12  (NKJV)

   Memory  undergoes  a gradual period of stabilization before  it  becomes  consolidated  or stable. This consolidation  continues  for  several  months  or  years in our  brain.

   Thalamic dorsomedial (DM)  nucleus, hippocampal formation, entorhinal, amygdala, and prefrontal neurons  are  possibly  availing  'compression'  method to store  voluminous  amount of conscious-recall  memories.
      *  Object-oriented  compression  is distinguishing  individual units  and storing  them  at various  storing centers, and will gather  them again  together when  needed (i.e. playback).
         - Possibly, for  an instance, tactile  'consciousness' will leave   'impressions'  in the somatosensory  neural dendrites, telodendria, and axon, and  will be encoded  there  microtubular, microfilamentous neurodendritically. Likewise, other  consciousnesses  (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, kinesthetic, vestibular, etc.) of the same date (or minutes)  of recording are distributed  diffusively to their  appropriate  recording  centers. When  needed  to playback, all or fragments of these units  (particular consciousnesses)  are  gathered  together  in a form  of playback electrochemical  impulses from  pyramidal cells  of the primary sensory cortices and from  associative  areas  and rhinal  & entorhinal cortices, combining them into a single experience in the hippocampal formation, emotionally screened in amygdala, and  focused  by the thalamus, and back again  to prefrontal  neurons to be analyzed, and apparently  finalized in the thalamus'   dorsomedial (DM)  nucleus.


   It is apparent  that there are a lot of ways  in the brain  for a conscious mind to recall, depending  on the  strategy  may it apply with.
   The  'remembering'  of one's seen image/scene, heard story/sound, or personal experiences starts  in the innermost region of the brain, i.e., the thalamus. Peripherally-induced conscious Mind  is theoretically generated  in  the thalamic ventral posterior (VP) neurons,where perception as an entity separated from external world -but seemed confined in a body- is realized. This voiceless/image-less perceiving 'feeling'  takes  its audio-video consciousness from the thalamic pulvinar, where visual & language consciousnesses are possibly crudely perceived. Now this audio-video perceiving 'feeling'  takes  its 'awareness'  of being an entity distinct to others from  the thalamic dorsomedial (DM) neurons. Elaboration of DM functions is aided by the dorsolateral prefrontal neurons (area 9), where planning is logically considered from. Mind having this audio-video planning conscious perceiving 'feeling'  can begin to ask  recollection of past events by the aid of some neurowares (softwares) in the brain.

   Since image and/or language  are involved  in remembering, the center  that will form signal (electrochemical impulses) for playback  is but, probably, the pulvinar. The mind (visiting nascentiraptic charges) will start to influence the synapses there to generate playback signal (i.e. coherent impulses for conscious-recall memory). There is a multi-traffic system  for 'recollection'  in the brain aided by one or more neurowares or recall-reflexes. The playback-conscious signal is distributed  from  pulvinar  to four possible major primary destinations
(1) thalamic dorsomedial (DM) nuclei,
 (2) occipital area 18-19 neurons and nearby,
 (3) parietal cortical neurons, and
 (4)  temporal cortical neurons.
    The thalamus is apparently having an object-oriented compression memory (OOCM), whose gateway is the dorsomedial (DM) nucleus, where learning for new scene discriminations happens.  The signal  of this tiny OOCM  will become elaborated  and detailed  if it switches  the cortical  neurons on.

     Storage  Centers ?
   Elaborated stored memories  are possibly in the  cortexes of  the  glutamate neurons.
   In the occipital area 18-19 neurons  is stored colors & definite images  and, in fact,  certain electrical stimulations of those neurons  in man  can evoke  images  and colorful flashes of light (Charles Herbert Best, 1961). Possible extension or incomplete duplication of this storage are the temporal neurons  of areas 21 &  22  and/or  between  areas 20 and 37 of the brain.  In fact, tumors in certain part of the temporal lobes may trigger  rewinding  of images  (miniature  or incomplete in form)  or unformed flashes of light.
   Storage for seen (read)  language  is believed  to be  in the  inferior  parietal  lobule (angular gyrus)  area 39  neurons, of which  destruction can, in fact, cause inability  to name  objects (i.e. anomic aphasia).
   Tumors in the anterior temporal lobe or parietal operculum near on insula  may cause  'replay'  of smells  and tastes  and, therefore,  may be suspected to be a storehouse  for scents  &  tastes/savors.
   Auditory (sounds) storage is also in the temporal lobes apparently  in the auditory association area 42 near on the uncus. In fact, uncinate attacks are associated with  paroxysmal  attacks (buzzing, ringing, etc.)  or hearing  mental sounds. Broca's area (opercular and triangula parts of inferior frontal gyrus areas 44 and 45) is believed to be storage for verbal uttered language because its damage could lead to impairment of writing or utterances.
    Not only conscious-recall 'experiences'  are  stored (encoded), even probably some procedural  'experiences' (e.g. to and fro penile movement; eye, body, arm, or leg movements, cry of an infant, and so forth).
    One thing is for sure<<, electrical  stimulation  is involved in remembering  past experiences. This fact is serendipitously discovered  from many experiments done on certain parts of the exposed brain, after of which semiconscious patients were reporting of remembering long-forgotten incidents  of their  earlier  years (read also: Justus Schifferes 1976. The Twentieth Century (1895- )IV: Proving  the Depths of Human  Personality,p.104. The Book of Popular Science, vol.9. Grolier International, Inc. USA).

 The conscious  Mind will do this 'electrical stimulation'  by raising  playback-conscious coherent electrochemical (PCCE) impulses  from  the  thalamus  to the  appropriate  cortical  neurons.

  Decoding
   Two major perception signals are traversing in the  cortical  and pyramidal neurons  but have two  different effects. The sensory  perception (SP)  signal  will encode  'infos' (by constructing  neuro-polymers coded-ly) in the dendrites, telodendritic spines, and apparently axons, whereas the playback-conscious perception (PC) signal  will decode  (retrieve) the infos  from  the said  coded  neuropolymers.


(Image: StudyBlue.com)



Playback-Conscious  Signal
   The playback-conscious impulses  are  coherent (i.e.  they must  come  from  the same date &  time of memory)  and must  compose a diffuse-able signal. This playback-conscious coherent (PCC) impulses  are simply  traversing  in the  appropriate  pyramidal neural processes (telodendria, axons, dendrites) and receives  'impressions'  or  'indentations'  from  the neuropolymers there.  (The neuro-polymers  are  the microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.) If it is correct, then it appears  that  the playback-conscious signal  is like  a  'blank tape'  running on an impressing magnetic needle, where  'electric indentations'  or encoded infos  are copied  or transferred from.

(If  old  IBM  has  these tiny magnetic  cores for computer to store bytes or information  by arranging them by the passage of electric currents at two directions...


(Image source of 1949 Magnetic Core  Memory: public domain, GNU Free Documentation License)



...the  neurons  of our  brain  have the  neuroploymers (below) to store  information we have sensed  or perceived)...

(Image source neuropolymers: © 2010 Nature Publishing Group Fletcher, D. A. & Mullins, R. D. Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton. Nature 463, 485-492 (2010) doi:10.1038/nature08908. All rights reserved.)

   The playback  or mental-eye-induced  IMPULSES, which is (usually) containing sodium (Na+) ions, will be indented (marked) when passing  on pyramidal neuroplolymers. This marking or indentation is analog  to the way an external-world stimulus  encodes  'infos'   to the  peripheral neuroreceptors (e.g. visible light  encoding  visual  infos in the eyes which is then to be automatically sent in the brain, for realization 'percepting', storage, and replay). More than 16 million arrangements of ions in a visual signal can be possibly  encoded  to have more than  16 ooo ooo different colors - thus a matter of arrangements gives different effects. But on playback-conscious signal, less than sixteen (16) arrangements of sodium (Na+) ions  are needed  to have a colorful remembered  memory. And unlike  to ear- or eye-induced  perception signal, mental-induced signal  is too thin and weak.
  Increased nerve fibers  in appropriate  locations  in the temporal  lobe, hippocampus, left planum temporale, and caudate nucleus  can increase  'thickness'  and strength  of  the signal, and  increase easy access  to the prefrontal  area 9  neurons.
    The now  memory-encoded perception signal  from  various  storage  centers will be sent  into (1)  cingulate fibers, (2) thalamus'  pulvinar &  VPL/VPM neurons, and  (3)  parahippocamplal gyrus; and (4)  portions  from  parietal postcentral  area 2  and frontal  precentral  area 6  and prefrontal area 8 nerves are projected  into  the caudate nucleus, which then  receives  reiterating signal  from  the ventral anterior (VA)  thalamus  and which  sends  impulses  to the thalamic  ventral  lateral (VL)  neurons  to confirm  there the other  coherent  impulses  from the parietal  neurons.
   (1)  The signal  in cingulate  gyrus will be transmitted  to the amygdala to be emotionally screened and compared  to the signal  in (3)  parahippocampal neurons.  Synchronously, (2) the signal in the thalamus will be realized  as  'consciousness'  and enhanced  this  'consciousness'  prominently  in  the occipital  area 19 and/probably via  area 18, possibly  via prefrontal  area 8  apparently from  dorsomedial (DM) nuclei  and in the temporal  lobes via pulvinars. Realization  that it was   really  'past memory'  happens  when  the thalamic-cortical  signal  meets  or merges  with the  signal  of in the  "Gateway  to Long-Term Memory"  hippocampus  by the route  of amygdala and then parahippocampal-entorhinal nerve fibers.  To confirm  or recognize  that the images  involved  have previous  record, the hippocampus  will send this 'realized  memory-encoded perception signal'  to the  mammillary bodies  & the thalamus  by way  of fornix, and then  conveyed  it to  the  "Gateway of Long-Term Conscious-Recall Memory"  thalamic  dorsomedial (DM)  nuclei, distributing  it in to the prefrontal areas 9, 10, 11, &  12, and area 8. After comparing  it with  the record  in prefrontal dorsolateral area 9, it is then finalized as  'CONFIRMED.'
   The finished  confirmed  memory-encoded signal will be  automatically re-sent by the thalamus  for duplication (that is, now with thalamic long-term potentiation signal)  back to the cingulate cortexes  via thalamic anterior  nucleus  and  via  dorsomedial (DM) -prefrontal   routes  and to the parieto-occipito-temporal association cortex  via pulvinar route.

Thalamus

(Image: http://www.edoctoronline.com/medical-atlas.asp?c=4&id=21820)


(Image:   http://www.gehirn-atlas.de/limbisches-system.html)




(Image: http://www.neurochirurgia-ire.it/eng/1-2_glossary_1.shtml.  The image is edited)


The damage  to hippocampus  may impede  the confirmation  'realization'  of  'recalled memory'  because  hippocampus  is active in generating  new  neurons  and hippocampal neurons  are active  in production, apparently, of  'object-oriented compression memory code-able  neuroploymers',  although  alternative route  can be accessed (e.g. amygdalar route  or arduous amygdalar accessed).  Despite  of hippocampal  damage, old memories  (e.g. two years before  the damage  and beyond)  can be  retrieved  by easy accessed (i.e. hypothalamus-DM-prefrontal-caudate-nuclei route). Damaging  the easy  accessed route  may  cause an impairment  for the retrieval  of the old  & recent  memories.


(Image source:National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/educational-resources/brains-inner-workings/brains-inner-workings-student-manual.shtml)

g

 From the four images of composite scanning and sketched brain (above) we can see where is the  ruakh/pneuma (breath, spirit) in  the brain during its  metabolic activities caused by sensation or command.
Thus,
 " the ruakh (spirit/breath)  of a man is the  lamp of the   YHWH, searching all the innermost parts of the belly " - Proverbs 20:27.

Consciousness  Control Center
    The center  of control of consciousness  is located  in the  thalamus'  intralaminar neurons;  and bilateral  damage  to the nerves therein  results  in prolonged  coma  or unconsciousness. This  relay  center, which  interconnects  with other thalamic nuclei's  neurons, receives  nerve fibers  from  reticular formation, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and (ascending) somatosensory neurons and projects  nerves  to divers neuroses of the cortxes.
  Percepting Consciousness
       The  consciousness perceived (realized)  in the thalamus  is greatly  elaborated (detailed) upon  in to the cerebral  cortex. This  means that if  our cortex  for sensory perception (distant to our thalamus)  is destroyed, we can retain very crude form of awareness -i.e. mainly an ability to know the fact of being 'felt' or sensed- but the ability to specify the intensity or exact location of stimulus is severely impaired. Nearly total abolishing of somatic sensation in the opposite side of the head  & body, a noticeably impairment  of vestibular (balance position)  sense and  kinesthetic (muscle detection & movement) sense will be a result of the extensive destruction of the posterior thalamus. Pulvinar receives nerves from retina and superior colliculus and making it involved in certain aspects of visual perception and language storage or formation: there are occasional reports  that its damage may cause language deficits. It projects nerves to the parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex.

THALAMUS'   DM
  Rationalizing  Consciousness
    The thalamic dorsomedial (DM)  neurons  are reciprocally interconnected  with  the prefrontal  cortex  and possibly  tandemed with prefrontal neurons as far as some functions are concerned, such as ability  to focus, foresight,  reason (abstract), lengthen attention, or have an affection. Damage to prefrontal cortex, like what had happened to Phineas T. Gage in 1848, can cause impairment to concentration, spontaneity, reasoning, and planning.


( Image source:the National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health ) See how active is the inner most part of the normal brain and hippocampal formation, compare to with Alzheimer's disease.


   Gateway to Long-Term Conscious-Recall Memory
    Extensive damage to the thalamus due to over alcoholism may result  to anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Air force personnel N.A.  suffered  extreme  retrograde amnesia after a foil penetrated his right nostril in to his brain accidentally. When examined by CAT scan, it was found out that there is a damage to his dorsomedial (DM) nucleus. (read also: R.D. Baron 1992. Psychology,p.238, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon)

Controlling in the Brain

The reason why students, teachers, and researchers of psychology have difficulty in knowing  what  consciousness is, is because  of indirect teaching from psychophilosophers  that  we feel, see, hear, smell or taste  stimuli  not  in  the sense organs but in the brain, leading to a comment that human consciousness eludes scientific measurement because it might be  'immeasurable."
   But knowing  we are conscious  'to what'  and  'by what,'  we can answer  this puzzle. We are conscious to scene we see by our visual receptors (eyes, etc.), to sound we hear by auditory sense organ (ear), to touches we feel by tactile senses (in skin), to savor we taste by gustatory receptors (tongue, palate), and so forth. If this is so, then do we "see"  in the brain  or in  the eye ?
   Can an inborn blind man see in his brain  or mind ?  Of course not, except  with  the aid  of a camera (biological or  bionic).
  If a bionic or cyborg eye  is 1 kilometer (0.621 371  mile) distant from  brain to where it will have to transmit what it has "seen", is the vision seen near on the brain or immediately on the bionic eye?  Obviously, visual consciousness in this instance is not in the brain but in the bionic eye. "It"  is conscious  to what the bionic eye  is seeing and not to what is near on the head (brain). Therefore, consciousness is in the sensory neuroreceptors or bionic sensory-detector (except, of course, if the brain  cells  themselves are also used as sensory neuroreceptors).

   Where is  the  voice  ?

Auditory (hearing) sense organ is an analogy , or similar, to  microphone; and radio  to temporal lobe of the brain.
Where is the sound  in the radio ?  The sound  is  not  IN  the radio, rather, it is  in the speaker.  The electrical signals (disturbances)  transmitted  by a wireless  microphone  at distance  are  converted  into sound  when they  stretched  magnetic  disturbances from  electromagnet, creating magnetic repulsion, which vibrates  the speaker, producing  sound  outwardly.
What about in brain?  What  is the 'speaker' so that  sound can be formed?  The  "speaker's  electromagnet"  of  the brain  are  the  auditory  electrochemical  charges  themselves.  Once those  'charges'  reached  their  final  destination  in the brain (let us called it for a while, temporal electromagnet), charges' disturbances will happen, causing  vibration among  the charges and  hitting other charges  producing  'sound'  inwardly: the auditory charges themselves  express the 'sound'.  But of course, it's not the speaker  (temporal lobe) that hears  the sound, rather, it's  the microphone (ear). What the speaker does is to express this sound outwardly, whereas temporal lobe expresses it inwardly.
   Is the speaker conscious ? Its sound must be 'replayed'  into itself (speaker's electromagnet)  and collided to the copy of that  sound and confirmed and expressed inwardly and played back again and  compared to other stored/replay-able  'sound'  to become, apparently, partly conscious.

    Consciousness  has two  inseparable  portions:
(1)  the detecting,   and
(2)  the  processing  :   Processing will not  happen  without  detecting.

   Video  cam  can detect (see)  scene  or image  and expresses it by a monitor screen. however, video copy in memory can be also expressed in the monitor screen. Likewise, man's episodic memory can be expressed in the occipital lobe or visual system, simply because the brain  cells themselves (which store that episodic memory) function as sensory neuroreceptors. When we close our (optical) eyes  and visualize, we are using  our visual brain-cells as eye or as visual sensory receptors and, therefore, those brain cells are visually conscious. we become conscious depending on the sensory receptors we use.
  The advantage of optical eyes over mental 'eye'  is  that their  visual nascentiraptic charges  are  many or stronger  than the latter's, and that's why when we visualize (imagine)  with our optical eyes opened we cannot almost see the image we mentally formed but just an insight or idea of that image.  by closing our optical eyes, that image will mentally take its appearance prominent.

Controlling...

   To consciously control  a particular  body  particular, say a finger, the nascentiraptic Mind in the thalamus must send  electrochemical signal  to the area 4 or motor cortex (i.e. center for consciously controlling movement)  and  'electrify'  (stimulate)  there  the finger-controlling  neurons. However controlling Mind (charges) cannot do it easily except by knowing first where is the finger. Without  having 'felt'  the targeted  'finger', even the eyes seeing that finger cannot help to move it, the finger is seemed  does not exist. sensation (produced by air on skin hair, temperature, tension or stretch of muscle) in the skin & muscle of the finger sends signals in the thalamus in the brain by which  controlling Mind can ascertain its location in the body. The stimulation produced by the muscles & tendons gives the kinesthetic sense. Kinesthesia in the skin-muscle-tendon is magnified (elaborated) in the area 2 of the somatosensory cortex and partly of the area 1  which have relays in the ventral posterolateral (VLP) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) neurons of the thalamus. Mind locates it by the thalamus. If focus of consciousness happens in the finger, simultaneously focus of realizations will happen in the thalamus' finger-sensation neurons and somatosensory cortical finger-sensing neurons. Excess of the charges, together with the thalamus', will be sent to the immediate neighboring motor cortical finger-controlling neurons.
     There are a lot  "mind"  in the  living brain, to name a few they are the mind for visual consciousness, auditory (hearing)  consciousness, tactile (touch) consciousness, olfaction (smelling), gustation (tasting), kinesthetic and vestibular consciousnesses. If all conscious-giving neural fibers from peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain) have relays on the thalamus, then we can presume that all minds in the brain are unified in the thalamus, producing a coordinating center of minds (i.e. centralized unified controlling Mind).  Consciousness, which starts in the sensory neuroreceptors, is realized apparently in the thalamus, and this realization is even magnified or elaborated (up to finest details) in the somatosensory cortex or post central gyral neurons.
     It seems that somatosensory cortical neurons have multiple functions, i.e., sensory-cortical 'procedural' memory (storage system of 'procedural' for tactile, kinesthetic, and vestibular sensations), sensory receptors (e.g. the consciousness being experienced in sense organ is apparently also experienced here and 'report'  it to the thalamus), and relays (apparently to 'purify'  or make specific and confirm  the  'command charges'  to the neighboring  'switches' (neurons)  for voluntary movements from motor cortex).

   When man is frightened it possibly  means  that his nascentiraptic Mind ()force)  is electrifying  his amygdala, and  if extremely  terrified, his  posterior hypothalamus  is being  stimulated. These  areas and with the thalamus  in the brain  are  possibly  the  center  for  'conscience'. Electrical stimulation  of man's amygdala can elicit most commonly all normal autonomic manifestations for fear (e.g. secretion of adrenaline, fast  beating of the heart, and dilation/expansion of the eyes' pupils).  Shivering (trembling)  and increase  heart rate are some of the obvious effect after electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus.

       Charges   as  controlling    Mind

In many experimentation  on animals  and conscious men, electric charges were used  as a controlling  Mind  by stimulating  certain  areas of the brain. Penfield  and his associates  serendipitously discovered  that motor precentral gyrus is interconnected, possibly  through associative neurons, to the sensory  post central gyrus, after having stimulated the precentral area (25 %  experiencing 'sensation, with or without a motor response/body movement)  and on post central area (20 %  evoking  a motor  response, with or without  'sensation')  of the  patients. Either of the controlling Mind  or electrical charge can move the head  and eyes to the opposite side if it stimulates  the posterior part of the superior parietal lobule (area 5, parietal adversive field). One patient, according to W. Penfield, said that a "terrific tight sensation of taste"  was being experienced after electrical stimulation of the cortex above the circular sulcus (surrounding  the insula)  or the surface  of the insula itself. sensations about sound (intensity, quality, and pitch)  are appreciated after stimulating the auditosensory area (41).  When  man's uncus, olfactory lobe or amygdaloid nucleus' region is stimulated, olfaction (smell consciousness)  is experienced. Electric charges stimulating  occipital area 18 or 19  in man  can evoke visual consciousness (such as definite images or flashes of light of various colors). Controlling mind or stimulating electric charges passing on the angular gyrus can deviate conjugate-ly  the eyes  to the opposite side. In conscious patients, dizziness (nausea), a sense of swaying, falling, or of rotation will be  'experienced'  if  the fast temporal convolution's posterior part is stimulated. To cry (like of a baby), controlling Mind  or electric charges must stimulate the lower part of the precentral gyrus' cortex (lips, jaw and tongue areas)  or in the supplementary motor area's upper part on the mesial aspect of the hemisphere which  can also happen in conscious adult patients.  Tip-of -the-tongue  state  may happen  if electric charges   (or extra nascentiraptic charge) stimulates  the lower frontal (area 44), upper frontal (motor cortex anterior to the foot area on the mesial aspect of the hemisphere), post central gyrus' lower part, or temporal lobe's posterior part against the proper direction of stimulation.


THALAMUS

    J.G. Dusser de Barenne and O. Sager  had demonstrated the sensory localization in the thalamus  by injecting a minute quantity of strychnine  in cats'  thalamus, resulting  to hyperesthesia (unusual sensation)  and hyperalgesia (unusual insensitivity for pain)  to stimulate  skin (most pronounced on the body's contralateral side) and muscle-tendon-periosteura (around bone). By means of various methods it has been shown  that the thalamus's  posterior ventral (PV)  nucleus  had a definite somatotopic (sensory localized) organization so that it is thought that thalamus  makes  sensory  stimuli  consciously perceived. It was  also discovered  that thalamus and corpus striatum are functioning for the execution of automatic (reflex) complex movements.  Being part of the reticular formation, thalamus's ventromedial portion, reticular nucleus and intralaminar nuclei are involved in the arousal and alerting reactions. All types of sensation on the contralateral side of the body are grossly impaired or possibly will be lost if thalamus' lateral nuclei are destroyed: there may be severe pain (e.g. unpleasant feeling from light touch or too much disagreeable sensation from  cold-produced impulses), spontaneous pain with a very unpleasant hypersensitivity. Possibly some effects of the thalamic syndrome are impairment of touch and of kinesthetic senses on the opposite side of the body, some loss of tactile (touch) and thermal (hot) sensations over the face and body,  disability of conscious controlling Mind to  'feel'  (locate)  the position  of a limb if eyes are closed (or a 'feeling'  or  'thinking'  that  the limb does not exist ther at all), and  disability  to mentally  'locate'  a sensation  on his  skin  even  though  he recognized  the stimulus, or various abnormal involuntary (unconscious) movements. In some instances, according to H. Head (Studies in Neurology, vol.II. Frowde, London, 1920),  a patient  "could  not stand the hymns on his affected side"  when hearing  a music, while  another patient said that "a horrid feeling came in the affected side and the leg,"  when  the choir  sang and he "started to shake."   Another had reported  "I  seem  to crave for sympathy on my right side."  These are disturbances  of sensation associated  with some emotional reactions caused by the thalamic syndrome.

WITHOUT     KINESTHESIS

    Christina, a young British  woman, had an unknown inflammation, which resulted to an irreversible kinesthetic neural damage. although other senses and organs are intact and only her kinesthesia is impaired, she could not sit up, walk or stand when the disease started  that she was as floopy as a rag doll. Then by visualization and sheer willpower she slowly learned to do these things. However, her controlling mind could not  'locate'  where exactly to control  her fingers and how much amount of force would she need to apply, which usually resulted to a painful force when she is grasping a fork -that she had to drop the fork. Such grasping is an indicative that some sensory neurons, other than of kinesthesia, are possibly active in her skin that's why she could slightly localize the direction toward her arm. According to her, it seems that something's been scooped right out of herself, right at the center, as if she is not physically embodied. this incidence gives us an idea that without kinesthesis, the control of Mind  is almost  by chance  and is telekinetic, rather than by touch detection & pure biological psychokinesis. (Read also:  OliverSacks, 1985. The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales. New York: Simon & Schuster).
  Kinesthesia is a proprioceptive sense that tells us about the location of our body parts,being stimulated by the movements of our muscles, tendons, and periosteura.



CONTROLLERS

Central Nervous System  is the most complicated and hi-tech invention ever we see in this known universe, and functioning by its brainware and neuroware.
Brainware -the neurons, processes (nerves, synapses, dendrites, telodendria), neurotransmitters, cortices, lobes, nuclei, tracts, and any anatomical component of the central nervous system (CNS).
Neuroware -an entire set o programs, procedures, and related documentation associated with a system, e.g., the alpobreña ( particularly, alpobrenic program).

Examples  of  Neuroware

  Hypervid  - an applications-neuroware which is used by conscious Mind  to  navigate stored  'info' in various centers making a 'short cut'  way  instead  of rewinding  the ENTIRE  index-card & file-cabinet arrangement of the restrictive search-and-retrieval methods. (It is a shortening for  "hypertext"   plus  Latin word  "videre"  - "to see".)

BADDMaM  :  Brain-aided design, drafting, morphing and motion.
              -  a neuroware  program for  designing, drafting, morphing  and  creating  motion  images .

              This applications-neuroware program  is used (1)  by  conscious  Mind  when  gedankenexperimenting  or  visualizing, and (2)  by the alpobrenic (unconscious) mind during sleep state to produce dream, or (3) by hypnotic voice during hynotic state.

    Dream
         Dream  is  (1)  a free dynamic noumenal virtual reality  or  (2)  a semi-directed dynamic noumenal virtual reality.
         Any of the senses (sight, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting, etc.)  can be a content of a certain dream. Pure dream  (e.g.  hearing only without any other sensation) can be hardly remembered (except perhaps for the blind)  and  that's  possibly  why  we almost  having  nothing  or seldom-ly  have pure dream.  usually, dream  is a combination  of video and audio with  "feeling"  (touch sensations), and sometimes with olfaction (smell)  and/or  gustation (taste).  Depending  on the activated areas  of the brain, a dream  may be black & white  or  colored (e.g., from/by  ventral portion  of  occipital  area  19). in some cases of near-death-experience, alpobrenic video is so intense, vivid, and clear.


   Hypnosis   is  an  exo-directed  dynamic psychological virtual reality.
         At least  three minds  are  involved  in hypnosis:
 The    hypnotee's        (1)  conscious   Mind         and
                                   (2)  unconscious  mind,   and
          (3)  the hypnotist's  voice-mind.

     The control  is transferred  from  the thalamic nascentiraptic conscious Mind  to the hypnotist's voice  or neurologically, partly  'switching  off'  the controller  for the circuit  of the  subject's thalamic  conscious Mind  and  'switching on'  the  controller  to the  auditory  circuit, leading to the ear's auditory nerves.
 
Switches  Controller

   If this  is correct, then  there are switches-controller  in the  brain  that  can be  switched  on  to  the  thalamic  conscious-Mind (as in ordinary  conscious state), or  to  the  auditory  circuit  (as in hypnosis), or  to the Alpobreña (as in  dream  state), or can  be  switched  off to the  thalamus'  conscious-Mind  (as in  coma state), or  can be  interfered  with  metabolic or electrical distraction (as in epilepsy)  or with  aural (?)  interference (as in automatic handwriting or automatic speaking).
    In hypnosis, the disagreeable sensations or pain  can be  directed to the unconscious  mind  apparently  by transferring  the direction  of those sensations-impulses  to and via  associative nerves  instead  concentrating to the  somatosensory (say area 2 of) cortex and  thalamic pain-perceiving neurons. the fact that hypnotic suggestions  can be used to anesthetize  people  undergoing dental work, surgery, or childbirth, and reduce severe, chronic pain  is an indicative  of redirecting the impulses of pain  to other  paths. (Read also: Carole wade & Carol Tavris. Psychology 6th ed.,pp.170-171, Prentice-Hall,Inc. NJ. copyright 2000/read   Irving Kirsch, G. Montgomery & G. Sapirstein. Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal  of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 214-220. 1995/  read  Henderikus J. Stam. from symptom relief  to cure: Hypnotic interventions in cancer. In N.P. Spanos & J.F. Chaves (eds), Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books copyright 1989.)

Where are we in the body ?

   Ancient  people,  king  David  (r. 1012-  died  ca. 972 BCE)  and  apsotle  John  (fl. 27 - ca. 90 CE)  to name a few, were more  technical  in terms  of understanding  what 'mind'  is.  They understood  'heart'  and 'reins'  (kidneys)  as  mind.  Other  implicated  mouth, lips, or tongue  as  'mind', whereas  some people  told 'ear'  as an organ  that can  understand  and lips  as can  learn.  They even  have  mentioned  that  'heart'  has  thoughts  or can utter  (verbally and mentally) a speech.
Heart and thoughts can be also interchangeably used. (cf. Psalms 26:2  & 139:23)
     Heart  of 'flesh'  and of  'feelings'  are used  interchangeably.
   The biological reason is  neurological !
  All sensory-impulses-sending organs  have  consciousnesses  and all mentioned  organs  (heart, lips, tongue, mouth, reins, and ear)  are  connected  to the  brain cells  via  neural pathways.  (cf.  Psalms 7:9, Ecclesiastes 3:11, revelation 2:23, Jeremiah 17:10 & 31:33 & 5:21, Proverbs 15:7,14, 28  & 17:20 & 14:7 & 10:19-21 & 16:1,21, Psalms 39:3 & 17:3, I Chronicles  28:9, Psalms 84:2 & 16:9, Job 13:1, Psalms 51:10,17, Proverbs 17:23, Obadiah 1:3, Proverbs 23:33, Isaiah 50:4  &  6:10)

   The feelings  we feel  brought  out by  emotion  is also  called  'heart', so that  heart (emotion) motivates  the  mind. And  a function  of heart  of 'feelings', like  being  'satisfied,'  is  a function  of eyes, too,  it is  because  eyes  and heart  are  inter-affecting  via  neural  pathways  from the brain. as the  heart  mourns, so does  the eye, or as the lips  utter, so does  the heart.  Organs -intestines, stomach, diaphragm, muscles, etc.-  of the abdomen  are  implicated  as heart  or mind. The  activity  of mouth  or tongue  is an  activity  of the  heart.  All these  functions of mind  are because of neural  connections  of all organs to the brain  cells. (cf. Proverbs 25:20 & 15:28 & 16:9 & 27:10, Psalms 88:9 & 20:27, KJV)

     "  ...  in the  imagination  of the  thoughts  of 
                                                    the  heart  of thy  people ...  "
                                                                                   -  I  Chronicles 29:18  (KJV)

   People  has  heart, which  according  to king David  has  thoughts, which  have  imagination. His  son  understood  'heart'  as  'memory'  or  emotion memory.  'Thoughts'  is defined  'ways',  'devices' ,  or  'plans. It  is  a fact  that  heart  has  ways  or neural pathways  to and  fro  the brain, and  those  ways  of electrochemical  impulses  are  important  to have  proper  thoughts  or plans. (Proverbs 19:21 & 14:22, Isaiah 55:8,  I Kings  8:17,18,  job 21:27, KJV)

   " ...  I  will  put   My  law  in  their  minds,  
                                         and  write  it on  their  hearts ;  ... "
                                                                                  -   Jeremiah  31:33  (NKJV)

   Instruction  can be  put in  mind by  writing  it on  the heart. It will be  written  by the  Pneuma (Breath)  of the living  Causer-of-Existence  'on  the tablet  of heart'  or  on the  'tablets  of flesh, that is, of the heart.'  What  can 'flesh  of the  heart'  do  that  was why  it is  considered  having thoughts ?   The  heart  and flesh  can cry  out!   The  'flesh'  of  man cries out  -  How ?   By  resounding  or making  noise, like  when  being  terrified. bio-technically, this is  because  of the  fast beating  of  the heart as impulses from  the brain's  amygdala's  & hypothalamus'  neural pathways  and as adrenaline  from  kidneys (reins)  and  brain  run  into the heart.  FOCUS  of  conscious-self  in this  condition  may be  in the heart  region  and  in the skin &  muscle  of other body's portions.
    Jesus  himself  may refer  to  'heart'  as  'focus  of consciousness'  when  he  said:  " For  where  your  treasure  is,  there   your  heart  will be  also"  (cf.  Matthew 6:21, NKJV).
   The skin  & muscle  of that region  become  more  conscious  because  of the  terror, fear, or intention. It seems that 'we'   are  the skin  & muscle because those  organs  become  more  conscious. But  it is clear that we  are  clothed  with skin & flesh  and have  been granted  life, so that  'we'   specifically  are not  the skin, flesh or life (cf. Job 10:11-12).
   We are  the consciousness,  dust  (elements)  of our  body, and  breath  (metabolic  effects).  Without  any of  these  -soul (i.e. that which  breathes), body  and  spirit  (breath) -  we  are not  'we' .  (cf.  Jeremiah 17:1,  IICorinthians 3:3, Proverbs 3:3, Ezekiel 11:19 & 36:26, Psalms 84:2, Isaiah 15:5 & 16:11, Isaiah 21:4, Jeremiah 1:19, Psalms 55:4,5,  Psalms 119:120,  Habakkuk 3:16, Jeremiah 23:9 & 48:36, Nahum 2:10, Psalms 22:14)
    Soul  was  understood  in ancient  Israel  as  'head'  - a  place  of  the brain -   which  breathes, and  therefore  'living soul'   may mean  'breathing  head (brain)'  and   'dead  soul'   means  'breathless  head'.  In Hebrew  it is  nephesh, literally  means  'that which  breathes,'  and translated  in Greek  psyche,  literally  "breath"   and understood  as  'principle of  life'  or  'life', and derived from the verb  psychein (which means "to breathe"). Soul or Head,  which  all the body , is  nourished and knit  together  by  joints  and  ligaments (bands)  and continuously  increasing  with  the  increase  which  is from  the Causer-of-Existence. Inside  these  joints  or spinal  bones  are  the nerve  fibers  connected  to the  brain.  the  brain cells, dendrites and  telodendria (axon terminals)  are  continuously  increasing  as neurons in the brain  are  also  continuously  damaged  or dying.
    Why  head  is called  soul  ('that which  breathes')  ?
    In terms  of breathing, brain  in the  head  is  the most  consumptive  of molecular oxygen (which  is the very  reactive  component  of air  or  breath)  because  of its  100 000 000 million synapses, where  metabolic  activities  are  greatly  taking place.
     Man  is  himself  a  living  soul  (breathing  brain).

    "  And   YHWH   formed  man  of  dust  from  
                            the earth,  and  breathed  into  his  
                                                 nostrils  the breath  of life, 

           wayehi             ha-adam                le-nefesh          hayya
      and became          the  man        a  breather / soul        living   . "
                                                                                                                - Genesis 2:7


(Psalms 63:5, Job 16:4, Psalms 78:50 & 116:8  &  56:13 )

    The  tangible  man  can be divided  into
  (1)  the head  portion (soul)  and
 (2)  the  body  portion  (where belly is located).

  (cf. Isaiah 10:18, Colossians 2:19, Matthew 10:28)
There was a knowledge in the ancient days that cutting off the head could totally kill a man.
 (cf. ISamuel 31:9 & 17:51, cf. Psalms 74:14)

      Soul  (Head  portion) : e.g. brain (i.e. soul), nose (nostrils),
                                         mouth (lips, tongue-palate, throat), eyes, ears

     Body  :  e.g.  heart,  bosom  (belly, bowels: stomach, intestines; inner most  parts:
                                         solar plexus),  reins (kidneys),  hands,  legs


   Nefesh  -soul-  which  literally  means   'that which  breathes'  is  scripturally  referring  to the  head  portion or, for Levites,figuratively the blood's hemoglobin (which breathes).
    Soul (brain)  is the  watery  fatty  portion  of the  head. (cf. Proverbs 13:4,  KJV)

   " The liberal  soul  shall  be made  fat ;  and  he that  
                          watereth   shall   be watered  also  himself "
                                                                                                   - Proverbs 11:25  (King James  Version)

    Brain  is  the most  oxygen-consumptive  organ  of a  man.It  processes  the  organismic  'life', the knowledge, praising, hearing, hearing, eating, hunger, tasting, thirst, desire, longing, joy, discouragement, abhorrence  etc. knowing  is one  of its effects  and thus  it is  the seat  of knowledge. Living  soul is  a  'breathing  brain,'  which  can be departed. a person  with  a departed  soul (living brain, breathing head)  is  dead. (cf. I Kings  17:21-22)
    Soul  (head)  can be  slinged (hurled) as  out  of the  middle  of a sling  or  can be  beheaded  or can be lifted up, or can be bowed down  to the dust. It can be hunted  by making  kerchiefs upon  the  head  and  when it is  bound  in the  bundle  it will die. It is  considered to be  the 'life'  of a man. (Leviticus 26:43, Numbers 21:4, Psalms 139:14, Proverbs 24:14, Joshua 11:11, ISamuel 25:29, Revelation 20:4, Psalms 143:8 & 44:25, Isaiah 58:5, Ezekiel 13:18-19  &  18:4, Psalms 24:4,7)
   The uttering (throat, mouth) portion of the soul (head)  can be  emptied  and,  therefore, will become  thirsty (cf. Isaiah 32:6, Proverbs 25:25).
    Every soul (head) upon  the water that tries  to escape  a flood or overwhelming sea will die  if water  has gone over  that soul  (cf. Revelation 16:3, Psalms 124:4,5,7)  The  mouth portion  of the soul (head)  may eat  (to taste how sweet  a meat it wanted to eat)  to be  satisfied  from hunger, or it can also refuse  to touch  meat to avoid the soul (brain) to be polluted  by abominable  flesh  even it  longs  to eat  flesh  (Deuteronomy 12:15, Proverbs 13:19 & 19:15  &  13:2,4,25  &  27:7, job 6:7, Psalms 63:5  & 107:9,18,  Revelation 18:14).
   " My soul  shall be satisfied  as with  marrow  and fatness;  
                   and  my mouth  shall  praise  thee  with  joyful  lips "    
                                                                                                        - Psalms 63:5
"... to afflict  his  soul ? ... to bow  down  his  head ... "                  
                                                                                                         - Isaiah 58:5 (KJV)
"... soul   is  bowed  down  to the dust : ... "                                      
                                                                                                         - Psalms 44:25 (KJV)
"...and make kerchiefs  upon  the head  of every  stature
                                to hunt  souls!  Will ye  hunt  the souls  
                of my  people, and will ye save  the soul alive  
       that come  unto you ?    ...slay  the souls that should  not die, 
     and  to save the souls  alive  that should  not  live,.. "       
                                                                                            -  Ezekiel 13:18,19 (King James  Version)

"...and I saw  the souls  of them  that were  beheaded... "
                                                                                             - Revelation  20:4
"All they that ...none can keep  alive  his own  soul "
                                                                                             - Psalms 22:29 (KJV)
"...and every living soul  died  in the sea "
                                                                                             - Revelation 16:3
"...the soul  that  sinneth,  it shall   die "
                                                                                             - Ezekiel 18:4  (KJV)

   The mouth's  lips  of the soul  (head)  can be  used  to praise, rejoice, and cry (cf. Psalms 119:75 & 35:9,  Job 24:12, KJV).
   The ears  of the soul (head)  are the organs  to hear  (cf.  Isaiah  55:3, Acts  3:23).
   The  life will be lost  if soul (head)  is laid  in the dust, and it will be destroyed. But  soul  from hell (grave, death)  may be regained  its life  in some  circumstances. cf. Psalms 7:5 & 63:9 & 78:50, acts 3:23 & 2:27, 31, Matthew 10:20, IKings 17:21,22, Proverbs 23:13,14, Psalms 89:48 & 56:13 & 116:8)
   In ancient  times, souls  (heads, life, persons)  of men  were sold  by the  Babylonians  and Phoenicians  in a barter (cf. Ezekiel 27:13, cf. Revelation 18:13)
   Soul (head)  is too important  because  all of our  consciousness are processed here  to be realized  or perceived  In fact, head (soul)  and life  can be  interchangeably used, and people  may be counted  per head (soul).
   " For  the word  of    God  is quick, and powerful, 
             and sharper than  any two-edge  sword, piercing 
 even to the dividing  asunder  of soul (head)  and spirit (breath),                 and  of the  joints (spinal bones)
                               and marrow (brain), and  is  a discerner
  of the thoughts  and intents  of the heart (mind). "  
                                                                                                      -    Hebrews 4:12

The Scriptures give a lot of references where this  nefesh or psyche (soul) can be located in the body.

   "...the soul  (head portion)  of  Jonathan  was knit  with  the  soul  of David, and  Jonathan  loved him as his own  soul (head) "                                                                           - I Samuel 18:1
  "  Take no thought  for your psyche ('head which  breathes'), what ye shall  eat; neither  for the body, what ye shall put on "                                                                               -  Luke 12:22
 "... the  soul... eat ..."                        - Proverbs 13:2
 "... blood of the souls  of the poor innocents: ... "    - Jeremiah 2:34 (KJV)
  "...sword  reacheth  unto  the soul "                             - Jeremiah 4:10 (KJV)
 "And they smote all the souls  that were therein with the edge of the sword, utterly destroying  them: there was not any left to  breathe:..."                                   - Joshua 11:11 (KJV)
 "...smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly  destroyed all the souls... ...utterly destroyed  all that breathed..."                                                               - Joshua 10:39-40 (KJV)
 "Who have for my psyche ('which breathes')  laid  down  their  own necks: ... "  - Romans 16:4
 "...for  his  pysche (brain which breathes)  is in him "      - Acts 20:10
 " Greater love has no man than this, that a man lay down his psyche (head which breathes) for  his  friends " -    John 15:13   (compare to Mark 6:27-29)
  "...soul  chooseth  strangling, and death..."    - job 7:15 (KJV)
 "... I lift up my soul unto thee  "  - Psalms 143:8 (cf. Jeremiah 52:31, KJV)
 "...but sent leanness into their  soul "    - Psalms 106:15 (KJV)
 "...his blood shall be upon his own head.   .. . his  soul "   - Ezekiel 33:4-5
"... to shed  blood, and to destroy  souls,... "    - Ezekiel 22:27 (KJV)
"...waters  are come in unto my soul. ...my throat...mine eyes.../. mine head...me..." - Psalms 69:1,3,4 (KJV)
"... the soul (head) of Jonathan kissed  the soul of David,.."   - ISamuel 18:1


BRAIN
    Unlike  to other ancient beliefs, the scriptural soul (brain) can be died;  and  is  taught to have the ability  of knowing, converting into wise, remembering  hearing, choosing, desiring, longing, refusing, saying (words), seeking (something), abhorrence  loathing, being discourage; getting sorrow, angry, hungry; praising; being satisfied; being weary, afflicted, with bitterness; making sin, being strangled (obstructed seriously the normal breathing of); capacity of refreshing, being polluted, getting fat, receiving water, being delighted,  preserving, dying, becoming lean, and so forth.  all these activities were not in favor with the popular belief about  brain  during  Aristotelian and Roman imperial days which changed  the meaning of psyche  into  "mind"  and then apparently adopted  the  Egyptian or Babylonian  'soul'.  (cf. ISamuel 25:25, Proverbs 11:25, Isaiah 32:6, Proverbs 13:19,25 & 19:15 & 23:16 & 25:25 & 24:14, Psalms 63:9 & 63:5, Isaiah 10:18, IKings 17:21,22, Psalms 33:20 &78:50, genesis 12:13, Psalms 143:8, 11 ; Exodus 30:12, Proverbs 25:13, Psalms 142:7, Isaiah 29:8, Psalms 78:50 & 116:8 & 56:13, Colossians 2:19, Job 20:23-25, Psalms 24:4, Psalms 24:4,7)

  "So that my soul  chooses  strangling, the death  rather  than my  bones  "                -  Job 7:15

   From  this statement of Job we can discover two things about  nefesh (soul):

 Soul  (brain)  has the ability to  'choose',
 and  soul (head)  can be on the condition  of being  strangled (choked to death by compressing  throat by something).

 This ability  to choose  is popularly  called  'free will'. Peter  elaborates  further, suggesting  that  psyche ('which  breathes')  or soul (brain)  could  rationalize  against  lusts (e.g. of the body's sex organ)  when he said     "...fleshly lust  which  war  against  the soul  "   (IPeter 2:11).  Paul  connotes  this  'soul'  as  'mind'  when  he  testifies: "...another  law in  my members (organs), warring  against  the law  of my  mind,..."  - Romans 7: 23

   Likewise, Jeremiah suggests  that the nefesh (soul) can function the function of the brain-mind.

  "My soul still  remembers...This I  recall..."    - Lamentation 3:20,21

This categorical statement  in Lamentation 3:20  that   nephesh  or soul (brain)    could  remember  proves  what  knowledge  did ancient scriptural people had had.   The organ  of man  that breathes, i.e., nefesh (soul), can  remember.
   Literal  translation  of
Proverbs 23:7 a  (i.e. " For  as one  thinks  in his  soul,   so  is  he... ")

 proves that the king Solomon (r.972-c.932 BCE)  and, inevitably, his people  knew   that   ' in  nephesh  (head-brain)'   man  is thinking. Why  this statement  of the said  king-scientist  is important ?   Because  it suggests  that  we are what we think  or we exist  because  we think, and vice versa.   It is not surprising  because  his father, David  taught  that   'soul  knows  right  well '  (cf. Psalms 139:14).

(Psalms 107:9,18, numbers 21:4, Job 24:12, Psalms 143:6 & 124:4-5, Isaiah 32:6, Psalms 35:12,9, Deuteronomy 12:15, 20, Acts 3:23, job 24:12)


If  we  are  because  we think  or because  'man  thinks, so  is he,'   then

    WHERE     IS    THE     SELF   ?

  The question "Where exactly  'we'  are in the body? "  is simply  answered  by almost all  religions  as that  'we'  are immortal  being entirely  apart from and riding on and  controlling  the mortal  brain.
   However, ancient scriptural  people  have  a different  knowledge  about man.  King David  taught  to his kingdom  that  'certainly every man  at his  best  state  is but vapor,'  a  lie  or delusion (cf. Pslams 39:5, cf.  2Thessalonians 2:11, NKJV).
 Man  is a delusion,  some say  an illusion, lighter than vapor.

   "Surely men  of low degree are a vapor,  men  of high  degree are a lie;  If they are weighed  in the balances, they are altogether  lighter  than vapor "                           -  Psalms 62:9 (NKJV)
  " Men of low estate are but a breath, men of high estate are a delusion; in the balances they go up; they are together lighter than a breath "                                                        - Psalms 62:9  (RSV)

    When somebody  says  " I am out of   my mind, "  who is the self  - the  "I"  or the  "mind" ?  Whom that " I "  is referring to?  Is not  the "I"  subduing  the  "mind"  or the mind ruling over  the " I "  or  the self controlling the self ?  The  " I "  could be out of its  "mind".

      "... mindful...  visit... " 
  "...take knowledge of... "          - Psalms 8:4 & 144:3 (NKJV)

   Mind is a taking of knowledge  or  a visiting. It is the 'blindfoldedly'  visiting  on our  'switches' ('neurons')  in the brain  to control  'playback' (e.g. remembering, recalling),  'command'  (e.g. choosing'),  'emotion center(s)'  (e.g. feelings), associative neurons of reflexes (e.g. unconscious),  'reverberative  replays' (e.g. evaluating), and many more. This visiting (mind)  is done  of the unified  nascentiraptic Force (charges)  of the synapses.

  "...the imagination  of the thoughts ..."    - IChronicles 29:18 (KJV)

    Thoughts  are ways, devices, and plans  and, in the body, imply to the neural connections, centers of neurons, and detailed formulations  of a program  of  actions (e.g. designs, plots, schemes).

   "Behold, I know  your  thoughts, and the devices  which ye wrongfully  imagine  against me "   -  Job 21:27 KJV

   Thoughts  have    visualize or  imagine (formed mental image  of something  not present  to the senses). Where  the thoughts  or visualization  happen ?

   " I saw a dream  which  made me  afraid, and the thoughts  upon my  bed  and  the visions  of my  head  troubled  me "         -   Daniel 4:5 KJV

    Dream, thoughts, and  visions  happen  in  the head.
To  think is to device  or to plan, or to visit (mind)  the  thoughts (neural connections, centers of neurons, and detailed formulations of a program of actions).

   "Surely, as I have thought, so it shall come to pass, and as I have  purposed, so it shall stand: This  is the purpose  that is purposed...the hand  that is stretched  out  over all... "                  - Isaiah 14:24,26 (NKJV)

    Thinking  is  'coming to pass a purpose'  - a visiting  of the unified nascentiraptic Force  on thoughts  -  or  is stretching out the hand (power)  over  the neurons.
    How a purpose  can be  established  ?

 " without  counsel  purposes  are  disappointed:  but  in the multitude  of counsellers  they  are  established '  - Proverbs 15:22 KJV
  "Every purpose  is established  by  counsel: ... "  - proverbs 20:18

  What  is  a counsel ?
"...the words...the counsel... "   - Psalms 107:11

   The words-assembling  neurons  in the  different  locations  in the brain  establish  the purpose  (plan)  we think  as we  speak  mentally. Multitude of   'counsellers'  or centers  are involved  to establish a purpose (plan). The  hands  or 'branches' of  neurons  are stretched out  by  thinking, adding their  length  little by little as 'thinking'  is continuous. Thinking  has a collateral effect, it causes  the development,  increase, and enhancement of dendrites, telodendria (axon terminals), and apparently  of neurons.

Unified Nascentiraptic Force (charges)

Mind  is a visiting  on

Thinking  is a visiting  on thoughts


Thinking  is a visiting  of unified  nas-Force  on thoughts.

Kinds of  Thinking
   In an inborn deaf person, imagining  is possibly  the most active  kind of thinking. Feeling  touches  & speaking  mentally  are most apparent  kinds of thinking  for an inborn blind person, whereas an inborn deaf & blind person  uses  'feeling touches'  mentally  as  kind  of thinking.
  For  ordinary normal person  'speaking  mentally'  is  the usual  active  way  of thinking, making  his  speaking-generating  neurons  active.

   This  'thinking'  is what  we called  'self'  because  by it  we  can ask, imagine, compare, give  attention, recall, react, feel, command, evaluate, or interpret.  Traditionally  it is called  "mind", others  called it "interpreter",  and  Aristotle  called  it  "mind"  or "soul'.  But  there is a force  makes  'thinking'  functional  or possible, that is,  the nascentiraptic  Charges, also  called  'ruakh/pneuma (breath, wind, spirit)  of  mind.

     "Therefore  my anxious  thoughts  make me answer... ...and the ruakh (breath, spirit)  of my  understanding  causes  me to answer "                      - Job 20:23
     "... the spirit  of your mind "                                          - Ephesians 4:23

   We all know what are active  in this  ruakh (wind)  or pneuma (spirit,), the electrons  of molecular oxygen, if referring  to the  metabolic effect  "breath"   or electrons  of   sodium  ions,  if referring indirectly to effect of metabolism (or to  the electrochemical conduction).
    Mind or visiting  nas-Force  has active  electrons  (electric  charges).

   "Remember the days of old, consider  the years of many generations: ask thy father,..."   -  Deuteronomy 32:7

    The most remarkable feature of our thinking, to know ourselves who we are, is  the remembering  of our  past experiences. Without it, we cannot  know our selves in the past. And if we forget our experiences over and over again without any recall, we will forget what had happened to us from time to time. Imagine if your relatives and friends are introduced to you and telling you who they are and who you are over and over again.
   One of the famous examples to have problem partly similar to it was  H.M., who due to epilepsy had undergone an operation, removing both medial portion (where hippocampus is located) of his temporal lobe in 1953 when he was 27 years old. He could remember his past experiences except from two years ago to his present days because he had minor retrograde amnesia.However, he has a profound anterograde amnesia,  that is, he could not transfer new 'experiences' from short-term to long-term memory. To quote R.A. Baron:
       "  For example, he could not remember people he met even if he encountered them over and over again. When his family moved to a new home, he could not find his way back to it, even after months of practice. He could read the same magazine over and over again with continued enjoyment because as soon as he put it down, he forgot what it contained."  (Psychology 2nd edition, page 237. Boston: Allyn & Bacon/ read also: Further analysis of the hippocampal amnestic syndrome: 14-year follow up study of H.M.  Neuropsychologia, 6. 317-338, by B. Milner, S. Corkin, &  H.L. Teuter. 1968)